RISET AKUNTANSI- BAB 11

Bab 11 !
1. Identify the releavant population for the following research foci and suggest the appropriate sampling design to investigate the issues, explaining why they are appropriate. Wherever necessary, identify the population frame as well.
a. A gun manufacturing firm would like to know the types of guas possessed by various age groups in Washingthon, D.C.
Answer :
To find out what type of weapon used by a variety of age we can use the simple random sampling because the sampling pattern has the best opportunity to find the overall population in its main object. And every part of the population actually in the note and every part has the same chance to be made in the subject.
This sampling design. Known as a simple random sampling, have at least bias and offers the best generalization. However, the sampling process can be complicated and expensive.
b. A hospital administrator wants to find out if the single parents working in the hospital have a higher rate of absenteeism than parents who are not single.
Answer :
To determine whether the employee is single parent has a list of absence is higher in single parent does not appeal that we can use stratified random sampling because the sampling has a pattern which is most effective because of differences in the types of information required data variation in populations and case in the test are random.
In this sampling we can use free sample test.
The function:
• To estimate the average interval
• To test the hypothesis about the sample average.
• Indicates acceptance of a hypothetical boundary
• and fatherly testing a statement that it is feasible for the trust.
c. A researcher would like to assess the extent of pilferage in the materials storage warehouses of manufacturing firms in the East Coast.

Answer :
to determine whether single parents who work in hospitals have a higher absentee rates than single parents who do not. Can be detected using the following:
Systematic sampling
Because in every element in the population selected from a random point within the frame population.
Advantages:
-> Easier to use if the population of frames available.
Weaknesses:
-> Systematic biases are possible.
d. The director of human resources wants to investigate the relationship between drug abuse and dysfunctional behavior of blue-coliar workers in a particular plant.
Answer :
To be able to investigate the relationship between drug abuse and dysfunctional behavior of blue-collar workers at certain factories, we can use the identification using the following:
Stratified random sampling
Disproportionate proportion in the population, the population is first divided into segments that are meaningful. Afterward the subjects were taken proportional to the amount of their original sample and a comparison based on the criteria of their original population.
advantages:
The most efficient among all probability design. All groups fairly between groups that may be.
weaknesses:
stratification should be meaningful, takes more than simple or systematic random sampling.

2. a. Explain why cluster sampling is a probability sampling design.
Answer :
because random sampling is a sampling of the most natural of all the generalized probability sampling design because in the context of the organization do not contain heterogeneous elements. in other words, heterogeneity and homogeneity conditions are often not met.
b. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cluster sampling?
Answer :
Losses: cluster sampling technique was not very common in organizational research, marketing research activities, such as a natural cluster groups of residents, shoppers, students or the store, do not have a lot of heterogeneity.
Advantages: although cheaper, does not offer many efficiencies in terms of precision or confidence in the results. However, cluster sampling offers comfort.
c. Dsecribe a situation where you would consider the use of cluster sampling.
Answer :
director of human resources interested to know why the staff resigned. cluster sampling design will be useful in this regard to conduct exit interviews of all members completing their final papers in the HR department on the same day, before resigning. clusters selected for interview will be based on simple random sampling from different groups of personnel resigned on different days. interviews will help to understand the reasons for the turnover of a heterogeneous group of individuals and research can be done at low cost.

3. a. Explain what precision and confidence are and how they influence sample size.
Answer :
Confidence and accuracy are paramount in the sampling because kitamenggunakan sample data to draw conclusions from the population, we expect openness "on target" and gives some idea of the level of error. Because a valuation point of not providing the level of possibility of error, we do interval assessment to ensure an accurate assessment on the population parameters. Statistics have several average distributions as sampling distributions used in this procedure, generally z or t statistic. To improve accuracy and confidence we need a larger sample size.
b. Discuss what is meant by the statement. There is a trade off between precision and c onfidence under certain conditions.
Answer :
We've learned that if we want more accuracy, or trust more, or both, for example sample size should be increased, except, certainly, there is very little variability within the population itself. However, if the sample size can not be increased, for any reason whatsoever, we can not provide the costs of the sample, with n the same, by keeping the same accuracy and confidence that we can predict with our estimates, this could reduce accuracy or confidence level of estimates. It becomes important for researchers to consider at least four aspects in making the decision on sample size required in the conduct of research: (1) how much precision is required in estimating population characteristics, it is the margins of error are acceptable? (2) how much trust is required, is part of how many opportunities that can be taken in making kesalahaan in estimating the population parameter? (3) to what variabiliti area that existed at the population characteristics investigated yan? (4) how the cost of providing benefits in improving the analysis of the sample size?

4. The use of a convenience sample in organizational research is correct because all members share the same organizational stimuli and go through almost the same kinds of experiences in their organizational lives. Comment.
Answer :
as the name of convenience sampling involves collecting information from members of the population that are easily available to provide.

5. Use of a sample of 5.000 is not necessarily better than using one of 500. How would you react to this statement.
Answer :
Use examples that are too large, such as above 500 may also pose a problem which tends to result in any wrongdoing. In other words, examples that are too large in relation to a sample size will be weak (10 katakana correlation between two variables) except in a sample population will be better used if samplenya big. But although it is too big or small ukuranya still can help us in the research project we are doing.
Roscoe (1975) proposed that the rules of the following experiences to determine sample size:
1. Doing pecobaan sizes larger than 30 and less than 500, is consistent with most research
2. Where if the sample size is expected as gender subsample ato men women, senior or junior, and so forth, so for example the minimum should be 30 for each category
3. In a multiple regression study, sample size should have the same large sample as many variables (especially the better 10 times) in his research or studies.
4. For simple experiments to research dengaan tight experimental control, the research or research may be said to succeed denagn sample size as small as 10 or 20 samples.

6. Nonprobability sampling designs ought to be preferred to probability sampling designs in some cases. Explainwith examples.
Answer :
nonprobabilitas in sample design, the elements in the population do not have probabilities attached to those chosen as the subject sample.

7. Because there seems to be a trade-off between accuracy and confidence for any given sample size, accuracy should be always considered more important than precision. Explain with reasons why you would or would not agree.
Answer :
not agree, because in doing the testing of a sample, should have taken more than once a test sample to obtain the accuracy or timeliness of such samples. With the accuracy that has been obtained from the test several times, only then can lead to confidence in the results of testing samples that test results are accurate or not.

8. Overgeneralizations give rise to much confusion and other problems for researchers who try to replicate the findings. Explain what is meant by this.
Answer :
In the care should be taken to not overgeneralize the results of any studies to populations that are not represented by the sample. Generalizations are often designed only available for certain types of investigations, such as in a small box exploratory research, or where the information needed quickly, or is available with only certain specific groups. The sample size is determined by the desired level of precision in estimating population parameters, as well as diversity in the population itself. That generalize the findings of the study sample to the population depends on its representation that is, the sophistication of the sampling design used and the sample size parameter
Sample sizes in the population level is determined by the desired confidence and accuracy in choosing the population parameters, such as variable within the population itself also plays a role considering the cost. Generality of findings obtained from the study or learning about the example in the population that depends on his reresentativesness. With so sample size of the sample data can be done with the testing of hypotheses and parameters of the population in the conduct of research in trying to find new things.

9. Double sampling is probably the least used of all sampling designs in organizational research. Do you agree? Provide reasons for your answer.
Answer :
agree, because the sampling design where the sample used in the study to gather some initial information of interest and then a subsample of primary sampling was used to examine this issue in more detail.