BAB 13 - DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
Questions
1. Why is it necessary to have the letter of outhorization in the reapot...
2. Discuss the purpose and contents of the executive summary...
3. What are the similarites an differences of basic and applied research reports...
4. How have tecnological advencement helped in writing and presenting research reports...
5. Why is it necessary to specify the limitations of the study in the research reports...
6. What aspects of a class research project would you stress in the written report and in the oral presention....
Answer
1.A copy of the letter of authorizotion from the sponsor of the study, approving the investigation and detailing its scope, will be attached at the beginning of the report. This would have been given by the sponsor in response to the research proposal submited by the researcher soon after the initial interviews, and the authorization makes clear to the reader the goals of the study
2. The executive summary is a brief account of the research study
that provides an overview, and highligts the following important information related to the study the problem statement, the sampling design, the data collection methods used results of data analysis, the findings, and the recommendationa, with suggestions for their implementation.
3. This equation is the second report is a report that is useful for a business, while the difference, when the basic report is a report which is basically the bottom or why laoran is made, while the report is laoran the ditujuakan applied to something.
4.The rapid technological progress its development. in the writing of research reports is very influential technological advances, for example just in the typing of research reports, when we used to use a typewriter, typewriter which has many flaws and limitations. But now there are computers, where there is a computer program in Microsoft Office Word, which is very useful in typing reports at all, other than that already have internet right now, where we can use the internet to look for a report or article that serves as additional material to material penuliasan research reports that we make
5.so that we make in the report penelitianyang not too wide (spread) to other aspects. and to facilitate research that we make, because with the restriction of the study authors need to explain or menelititi only part that has been determined by researchers
6. -selection of an appropriate title
-formulation of the problem
-discussion
-background problem
Sabtu, 17 April 2010
RISET AKUNTANSI- BAB 12
BAB 12 - DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
Questions
1. What kinds of biases do you think could be minimized or avoided during yhe data analysis stage of research....
2. When we collect data on the effects of treatment in experimental designs, which statistical test would be most appropriate to test the treatment effects...
3. A tax consultant wonders if he should be more selective about the call of clients he serves, so as to maximize his income. He usually deals with four categories of clients : the very rich, rich upper, upper middle class, and middle calss. He has record of each and every clients served, the taxes paid by them, and how much he has charged them. Since many factors in respect to the clients vary (number of dependents, business deductibles,etc.) irrespective of the category they belong to he would like an appropriate analysis to be done to see which among the four categories of clientele he should choose to serve in the future.
4. Below are table 12 a to 12 , summarizing the results of data analyses of research conducted in a sales organization that operates in 50 different cites of the country, with a total sales force of about
500, the number of salesman sampled for the study was 150.
You are to....
a. interpret the information contained in each of the table in as much detail as possible
b. Summarize the results of the CEO of the company
c. Make recommendations based on your interpreation of the results
Answer
1. Planning erro, collection error,analytical error, reporting error
2.- How many people are doing treatmet
- what the benefits are felt by consumers
- that is felt after the treatments
3 .- do not be too distinguishes economic class, because whoever it was, everyone who has had to pay income taxes, in accordance with applicable law.
-because with the attitude of the distinction between social economic classes would make the discrimination, which menimbulakan social jealousy
4. a. financial statements
b. financial statements (profit and loss, changes in capital)
c. This company is good enough
Questions
1. What kinds of biases do you think could be minimized or avoided during yhe data analysis stage of research....
2. When we collect data on the effects of treatment in experimental designs, which statistical test would be most appropriate to test the treatment effects...
3. A tax consultant wonders if he should be more selective about the call of clients he serves, so as to maximize his income. He usually deals with four categories of clients : the very rich, rich upper, upper middle class, and middle calss. He has record of each and every clients served, the taxes paid by them, and how much he has charged them. Since many factors in respect to the clients vary (number of dependents, business deductibles,etc.) irrespective of the category they belong to he would like an appropriate analysis to be done to see which among the four categories of clientele he should choose to serve in the future.
4. Below are table 12 a to 12 , summarizing the results of data analyses of research conducted in a sales organization that operates in 50 different cites of the country, with a total sales force of about
500, the number of salesman sampled for the study was 150.
You are to....
a. interpret the information contained in each of the table in as much detail as possible
b. Summarize the results of the CEO of the company
c. Make recommendations based on your interpreation of the results
Answer
1. Planning erro, collection error,analytical error, reporting error
2.- How many people are doing treatmet
- what the benefits are felt by consumers
- that is felt after the treatments
3 .- do not be too distinguishes economic class, because whoever it was, everyone who has had to pay income taxes, in accordance with applicable law.
-because with the attitude of the distinction between social economic classes would make the discrimination, which menimbulakan social jealousy
4. a. financial statements
b. financial statements (profit and loss, changes in capital)
c. This company is good enough
RISET AKUNTANSI- BAB 10
Bab 10 - DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. As a manager you have invited a research team to come in study, and offer suggestions on how to improve the performance of your staff. What steps would you take to allay their apprehensions even before the research team sets foot in your department??
2. What is bias, and how can it be reduced during interviews?
3. Explain the principles of wording, stating how these are important in questionnaire design, citing examples not in the book.
4. What are projecjective techniques and how can they be profitably used?
5. Describe the different data sources, explaining their usefulness and disadvantages
6. How are multiple methods of data collection and from multiple sources related to the reliability and validity of the measures?
7. “every data collection method has its own built-in blases. Therefor, resorting to multimethods of data collection is only going to compound the biases.” How would you critique this statement?
8. “one way to deal with discrepancies found in the data obtained from multiple sources is to average the figures and take the mean as the value of the variable.” What is your reaction to this?
9. How has the advancement in techonology helped data gathering?
10. How will you use the data from observational study to reach scientific conclusion?
11. “The fewer the biases in measurement and in the data collection procedures, the more scientific the research. Comment on this statement.
Answer!
1. How to improve a performance at the staff / employees is by means of holding a program such as:
a. Improving Performance
Performance is the desired outcome of behavior. Individual performance is the basis of organizational performance. Perananpenting in performance appraisal has increased workplace motivation. This performance appraisal (performance appraisal) is basically a key factor in order to develop an effective and efficient organization. Employees want and need feedback regarding their performance and assessment provides the opportunity to provide feedback to them if performance is not in accordance with the standards, the assessment provides an opportunity to review the progress of employees and to develop performance improvement plans. there are 5 (five) factors in performance assessment, namely:
a. Quality of work include: acquisition, accuracy, performance and acceptance of output;
b. Quantity of Work include: Volume of output and contribution;
c. Supervision required, include: need advice, direction or repairs;
d. Attendance include: regularity, dapatdipercaya / reliable and timely
b. Provide motivation
Motivation is a state in the person that drives a desire individumelakukankegiatan-specific activities to achieve
Motivation goal basically is the process that determines how much effort will be devoted to carrying out the work. " Motivation or incentive to work is crucial to the achievement of something objective, then the man must be able to grow as high work motivation for employees within the company "
c. Improve discipline
Discipline itself interpreted as a willingness to someone that may arise with their own consciousness to follow the rules and regulations prevailing in the organization.
2. Irregularities in the interview usually refers to a mistake or inaccuracy of the data collected. Deviations can be reduced during the interview by repeating and clarifying questions we ask so that they understand the questions that we provide, and cites some of the answers to ensure a deep understanding of the response person being interviewed so that we do not deviate from the answers they give.
3. Principle of the words usually refer to factors such as conformance content questions, how questions and level of language used, the type and form of questions asked, order of questions, personal data sought from respondents.
> Content and Goals Questions
Variable facts will determine the types of questions will be asked. If these variables are subjective variables such as satisfaction, and engagement in which the respondents believe measuring perceptions and attitudes of the dimensions and the elements. The purpose of each question should be carefully considered so that the variable is in the measure.
> Language and Words on Questionnaire
Language questionnaire to be seen from the respondents' level of understanding. The choice of words will depend on the level of education, the use of terms and idioms in the culture and framework of the respondents. For example, when English is the official language spoken by the two cultures, particular words may be foreign to a culture.
> Type and Geometry Questions
Pertanyyan Type refers to whether the question is open or closed.
Closed versus Open Question
Open questions allow respondents to answer in whatever manner they choose. Examples of open questions asked respondents said five things interesting and challenging job. A closed question, on the contrary will ask respondents to make choices among a set of alternatives provided. Closed questions help the respondent to make quick decisions to choose among several alternatives.
Form refers to the positive and negative questions.
Not all questions are positive, it is advisable to enter a negative question, too, so the tendency of respondents point to which one end of the scale is minimized. A good questionnaire that covers both positive and negative questions. Use of double negative and excessive use of the word no and should be avoided in the negative the question because it tends to confuse the respondent. For example, better said, "Coming to work is not fun" instead of saying "Do not come to work is fun rather than come to work." No, better to say "rich do not need help." Instead of saying "Only rich people not need help. "
4. Projective technique is an indirect method and unstructured from the methods of investigation which has been developed by psychologists and projected use of the respondents to conclude on the underlined motive, impulse or intention that can not be secure through directly asking the respondents declined to disclose whether they or are not able to find out yourself.
This technique is useful in providing an opportunity to express their attitudes of respondents without a personal embarrassment. These techniques help the respondent to project their own attitudes and feelings on the subject aware of being studied. So projective technique plays an important role in motivation research or attitude surveys.
5. Direct Interview
Advantages: the interview used to obtain data directly from the company. which is a communication from one worker to obtain information in accordance with the desired and by conducting interviews obtained more complete data.
Disadvantage: time consuming interview techniques and a very large cost for the sample is big enough and spread. Interviewing means of communication between the interviewer and the interviewee, this tends to generate a difference in interpretation between the two.
> Questionnaire
Advantages: the questionnaire is a research method that must be answered respondents to express his views on an issue. The use of questionnaires as data collection methods have several advantages, among them are questions that will be presented to respondents can be standardized, the respondent can answer a questionnaire on their leisure time, the question can be thought of in advance so that answers can be trusted compared with a verbal answer, and questions raised would be more accurate and uniform.
Disadvantage: the respondent can not give more details because the answer is limited to matters in question.
> Observations
Advantages: With the observation that many symptoms can be investigated, the results are more accurate and difficult to argue with. Many objects are only willing to taken only with the observation data, such as too busy and less time to be interviewed or to complete a questionnaire.
Losses: Observations depends on observation and memory skills. Many events and circumstances that are difficult objects observed, especially concerning the life of a highly confidential approach for cloning.
6. For example, if the responses were collected through questionnaires. Before the instrument, or measuring devices used to collect research data, it is necessary to test the questionnaire for validity and reliability of measurement validity tersebut.Uji useful to know whether the measure is valid, the valid means of measuring the accuracy of measuring or the proper tools to measure a variable to be measured. Validity and reliability tests used to examine the data derived from a list of questions or questionnaire respondents, the validity and reliability can be proved that the list of questions in the questionnaire filled out by the respondent was representing the population or not. There are two important conditions which apply to a questionnaire that is necessary for a valid and reliable questionnaire. A questionnaire is said to be valid if the question on a questionnaire able to express something that will be measured by the questionnaire. While a questionnaire said reliable (reliably) if a person answers to the questions are consistent or stable over time.
7. I think that good research requires data from multiple sources of data collection methods. In a study of accounting rriset basically can be done through several methodologies, through a quantitative methodology, qualitative, or triangulation. To avoid confusion between the research methodology with the research methods necessary to distinguish prior understanding between the two. The research methodology is part of science that studies how the procedures for seeking truth.
8. In the data collection is sometimes we find a mismatch. Therefore we must look carefully and closely to the data, so we know whether the data is feasible or not to be used as data in a study.
9. Advances in technology can help us to collect data by providing easy to collect the data we need in the research, such as collecting detailed data products have been sold through the tracking of optical scanners and bar code, data searches on the Internet that provide convenience, data recording using tools such as video camera recorders and others. In some processing using electronic data processing which also provides error-free.
10. Data from the information we were with a variety of processing tools such as statistical analysis with SPSS and other analysis tools for testing and our test results we will use it to take a scientific conclusion.
11. We agree with that view because if the smaller size of the bias in our research, it means that our research will be increasingly closer to the truth and the more scientific and we can use as a reference for similar pegujian or subsequent research.
1. As a manager you have invited a research team to come in study, and offer suggestions on how to improve the performance of your staff. What steps would you take to allay their apprehensions even before the research team sets foot in your department??
2. What is bias, and how can it be reduced during interviews?
3. Explain the principles of wording, stating how these are important in questionnaire design, citing examples not in the book.
4. What are projecjective techniques and how can they be profitably used?
5. Describe the different data sources, explaining their usefulness and disadvantages
6. How are multiple methods of data collection and from multiple sources related to the reliability and validity of the measures?
7. “every data collection method has its own built-in blases. Therefor, resorting to multimethods of data collection is only going to compound the biases.” How would you critique this statement?
8. “one way to deal with discrepancies found in the data obtained from multiple sources is to average the figures and take the mean as the value of the variable.” What is your reaction to this?
9. How has the advancement in techonology helped data gathering?
10. How will you use the data from observational study to reach scientific conclusion?
11. “The fewer the biases in measurement and in the data collection procedures, the more scientific the research. Comment on this statement.
Answer!
1. How to improve a performance at the staff / employees is by means of holding a program such as:
a. Improving Performance
Performance is the desired outcome of behavior. Individual performance is the basis of organizational performance. Perananpenting in performance appraisal has increased workplace motivation. This performance appraisal (performance appraisal) is basically a key factor in order to develop an effective and efficient organization. Employees want and need feedback regarding their performance and assessment provides the opportunity to provide feedback to them if performance is not in accordance with the standards, the assessment provides an opportunity to review the progress of employees and to develop performance improvement plans. there are 5 (five) factors in performance assessment, namely:
a. Quality of work include: acquisition, accuracy, performance and acceptance of output;
b. Quantity of Work include: Volume of output and contribution;
c. Supervision required, include: need advice, direction or repairs;
d. Attendance include: regularity, dapatdipercaya / reliable and timely
b. Provide motivation
Motivation is a state in the person that drives a desire individumelakukankegiatan-specific activities to achieve
Motivation goal basically is the process that determines how much effort will be devoted to carrying out the work. " Motivation or incentive to work is crucial to the achievement of something objective, then the man must be able to grow as high work motivation for employees within the company "
c. Improve discipline
Discipline itself interpreted as a willingness to someone that may arise with their own consciousness to follow the rules and regulations prevailing in the organization.
2. Irregularities in the interview usually refers to a mistake or inaccuracy of the data collected. Deviations can be reduced during the interview by repeating and clarifying questions we ask so that they understand the questions that we provide, and cites some of the answers to ensure a deep understanding of the response person being interviewed so that we do not deviate from the answers they give.
3. Principle of the words usually refer to factors such as conformance content questions, how questions and level of language used, the type and form of questions asked, order of questions, personal data sought from respondents.
> Content and Goals Questions
Variable facts will determine the types of questions will be asked. If these variables are subjective variables such as satisfaction, and engagement in which the respondents believe measuring perceptions and attitudes of the dimensions and the elements. The purpose of each question should be carefully considered so that the variable is in the measure.
> Language and Words on Questionnaire
Language questionnaire to be seen from the respondents' level of understanding. The choice of words will depend on the level of education, the use of terms and idioms in the culture and framework of the respondents. For example, when English is the official language spoken by the two cultures, particular words may be foreign to a culture.
> Type and Geometry Questions
Pertanyyan Type refers to whether the question is open or closed.
Closed versus Open Question
Open questions allow respondents to answer in whatever manner they choose. Examples of open questions asked respondents said five things interesting and challenging job. A closed question, on the contrary will ask respondents to make choices among a set of alternatives provided. Closed questions help the respondent to make quick decisions to choose among several alternatives.
Form refers to the positive and negative questions.
Not all questions are positive, it is advisable to enter a negative question, too, so the tendency of respondents point to which one end of the scale is minimized. A good questionnaire that covers both positive and negative questions. Use of double negative and excessive use of the word no and should be avoided in the negative the question because it tends to confuse the respondent. For example, better said, "Coming to work is not fun" instead of saying "Do not come to work is fun rather than come to work." No, better to say "rich do not need help." Instead of saying "Only rich people not need help. "
4. Projective technique is an indirect method and unstructured from the methods of investigation which has been developed by psychologists and projected use of the respondents to conclude on the underlined motive, impulse or intention that can not be secure through directly asking the respondents declined to disclose whether they or are not able to find out yourself.
This technique is useful in providing an opportunity to express their attitudes of respondents without a personal embarrassment. These techniques help the respondent to project their own attitudes and feelings on the subject aware of being studied. So projective technique plays an important role in motivation research or attitude surveys.
5. Direct Interview
Advantages: the interview used to obtain data directly from the company. which is a communication from one worker to obtain information in accordance with the desired and by conducting interviews obtained more complete data.
Disadvantage: time consuming interview techniques and a very large cost for the sample is big enough and spread. Interviewing means of communication between the interviewer and the interviewee, this tends to generate a difference in interpretation between the two.
> Questionnaire
Advantages: the questionnaire is a research method that must be answered respondents to express his views on an issue. The use of questionnaires as data collection methods have several advantages, among them are questions that will be presented to respondents can be standardized, the respondent can answer a questionnaire on their leisure time, the question can be thought of in advance so that answers can be trusted compared with a verbal answer, and questions raised would be more accurate and uniform.
Disadvantage: the respondent can not give more details because the answer is limited to matters in question.
> Observations
Advantages: With the observation that many symptoms can be investigated, the results are more accurate and difficult to argue with. Many objects are only willing to taken only with the observation data, such as too busy and less time to be interviewed or to complete a questionnaire.
Losses: Observations depends on observation and memory skills. Many events and circumstances that are difficult objects observed, especially concerning the life of a highly confidential approach for cloning.
6. For example, if the responses were collected through questionnaires. Before the instrument, or measuring devices used to collect research data, it is necessary to test the questionnaire for validity and reliability of measurement validity tersebut.Uji useful to know whether the measure is valid, the valid means of measuring the accuracy of measuring or the proper tools to measure a variable to be measured. Validity and reliability tests used to examine the data derived from a list of questions or questionnaire respondents, the validity and reliability can be proved that the list of questions in the questionnaire filled out by the respondent was representing the population or not. There are two important conditions which apply to a questionnaire that is necessary for a valid and reliable questionnaire. A questionnaire is said to be valid if the question on a questionnaire able to express something that will be measured by the questionnaire. While a questionnaire said reliable (reliably) if a person answers to the questions are consistent or stable over time.
7. I think that good research requires data from multiple sources of data collection methods. In a study of accounting rriset basically can be done through several methodologies, through a quantitative methodology, qualitative, or triangulation. To avoid confusion between the research methodology with the research methods necessary to distinguish prior understanding between the two. The research methodology is part of science that studies how the procedures for seeking truth.
8. In the data collection is sometimes we find a mismatch. Therefore we must look carefully and closely to the data, so we know whether the data is feasible or not to be used as data in a study.
9. Advances in technology can help us to collect data by providing easy to collect the data we need in the research, such as collecting detailed data products have been sold through the tracking of optical scanners and bar code, data searches on the Internet that provide convenience, data recording using tools such as video camera recorders and others. In some processing using electronic data processing which also provides error-free.
10. Data from the information we were with a variety of processing tools such as statistical analysis with SPSS and other analysis tools for testing and our test results we will use it to take a scientific conclusion.
11. We agree with that view because if the smaller size of the bias in our research, it means that our research will be increasingly closer to the truth and the more scientific and we can use as a reference for similar pegujian or subsequent research.
RISET AKUNTANSI- BAB 9
BAB 9 - DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. Briefly describe the difference between attitude rating scales and ranking scales and indicate when the two are used.
2. Why is it important to establish the “goodness” of measures and how is this done?
3. Construct a semantic differential scale to asses the properties of a particular brand of coffe or tea.
4. “Whenever possible it is advisable to use instruments that have already been developed and repeaticly used in published studies, rather than develop our own instruments for our studies.” Do you agree discuss the reasons for your answer.
5. “a valid instrument is always reliable, but a reliable instrument may not always be valid.” Comment on this statement.
Answer!
1. rating scales have several response categories and are used to elicit responses with regard to the object, event, or person studied. ranking scales, on the other hand, make comparisons between or among objects, events, or persons and elicit the preferred choices and ranking among them.
2. Goodness of very important measures used to ensure that we develop instruments and to measure concepts that are specific to accurately measure the variables.
Execution mode that is by analyzing the objects that respond to the questions that affect the completion and then describe the measurement accuracy and kevaliditasan specified.
3. Responsive --------------------------------------------------- Unresponsive
Beautiful --------------------------------------------------- UgLy
Courageous --------------------------------------------------- Timid
4. We further agreed that if the use of instruments that have been developed and studied more about the instrument because it's easier to develop and search the literature for a list of libraries. This will be easier because the use of better instruments will ensure more accurate results, in turn, the quality of scientific research.
5. We think that is acceptable instruments must be reliable because this instrument has been tested scientifically. While not necessarily a reliable instrument is acceptable because it is not necessarily true.
1. Briefly describe the difference between attitude rating scales and ranking scales and indicate when the two are used.
2. Why is it important to establish the “goodness” of measures and how is this done?
3. Construct a semantic differential scale to asses the properties of a particular brand of coffe or tea.
4. “Whenever possible it is advisable to use instruments that have already been developed and repeaticly used in published studies, rather than develop our own instruments for our studies.” Do you agree discuss the reasons for your answer.
5. “a valid instrument is always reliable, but a reliable instrument may not always be valid.” Comment on this statement.
Answer!
1. rating scales have several response categories and are used to elicit responses with regard to the object, event, or person studied. ranking scales, on the other hand, make comparisons between or among objects, events, or persons and elicit the preferred choices and ranking among them.
2. Goodness of very important measures used to ensure that we develop instruments and to measure concepts that are specific to accurately measure the variables.
Execution mode that is by analyzing the objects that respond to the questions that affect the completion and then describe the measurement accuracy and kevaliditasan specified.
3. Responsive --------------------------------------------------- Unresponsive
Beautiful --------------------------------------------------- UgLy
Courageous --------------------------------------------------- Timid
4. We further agreed that if the use of instruments that have been developed and studied more about the instrument because it's easier to develop and search the literature for a list of libraries. This will be easier because the use of better instruments will ensure more accurate results, in turn, the quality of scientific research.
5. We think that is acceptable instruments must be reliable because this instrument has been tested scientifically. While not necessarily a reliable instrument is acceptable because it is not necessarily true.
RISET AKUNTANSI- BAB 8
Bab 7
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. What are the differences between causal and correlational studies?
2. In what ways do lab experiments differ from field experiments?
3. Define the terms control and manipulation.Describe a possible lab experiment where you would need to control a variable.Further,include a possible variable over which you would have no control but which could affect your experiment.
4. Explain the possible ways in which you can control “niisance”variables.
5. What is internal validity and what are the threats to internal validity?
6. Explain the concept of ” trade-off between internal validity and external validity.”
7. Explain fully how you would demonstrate to machine operators and convince them that thorough knowledge of the operating policies and procedures ( by reading the manual) will eliminate almost all on-the-job accidents.
8. If a control group is a part of an experimental design,one need not worry about controlling other exogenous variables.”Discuss this statement.
9. A researcher wants to set up a lab experiment to test the effects of different kind of leadership styles on followers’attitudes.The three particular kinds of leadership styles she is interested in testing are autocratic,democratic,and participative.You are asked to enlist some students to play the part of followers.What cover story would you give the participants?
10. ”Because the external validity of lab experiments is not usually high,they are useless for investigating cause and effect relationships in organizations.”Comment on this statement.
11. ”Covariance ( i.e.,two variables varying together either positively or negatively) and control are integral aspects of experimental designs.”Discuss.
12. ”The Solomon four-group design is the answer to all our research questions pertaining to cause and effect relations because it guards against all the threats to internal validity .”Comment on this statement.
13. Below is a note on self-esteem.After reading it,apply what you have learned in this chapter and design a study after sketching the theoretical framework.
Answer
1. Difference:
Causal studies are studies where researchers want to discover the cause of one or more problems.
Study is correlational study in which researchers are interested to find important variables related to the problem.
2. Way the controls and manipulations are best done in an artificial setting-the laboratory-where the causal effects can be tested.
3. When we postulate cause and effect relationship between two variable x and y,it is possible that some other factor,say A,might also influence the dependent variable Y.
In such a case,it will not be possible to determine the extent to which Y occured only because of X,and to what extent Y was additionally influenced by the presence of the other factor A.So,
if the true effects of the training on learning is to be assessed ,then the learners previous experience has to be controlled.
4. One way of controlling the contaminating or "nuisance"variables is to match the various groups by taking the confounding characteristic and deliberately spreading them across groups.
5.Internal validity is proving the belief that can be placed in a cause-effect relationship found in the experimental design.
Identifying threats to internal validity
Let us examine each of the possible seven threats to internal validity in the context of the following scenario.
1.history effects
2.maturation
3.testing
4.instrumentation
5.selection bias
6.statistical regression
7.mortality
6. There is a trade-off between internal validity and external validity.
If we want high internal validity,we should be willing to settle for lower external validity and vice versa.
To ensure both types of validity,researchers usually try first to test the causal relationships in a tightly controlled artificial or lab setting,and once the relationships has been established,they try to test the causal relationship in a field experiment.
7. I will assure to the machine operator that someone who wants to work should be studied the operational policies and procedures. very influential to the work we do and if we go into these policies, we can avoid accidents on the job.
8.That in the control group there is a part of the experimental design, and therefore we do not have to worry about controlling the variables of exogenous because it's all encapsulated in the control group.
And we can also make it easier to conduct and control the variables that we make exogenous.
9.cover story which I will give to participants of a democratic leadership.
10. Because the external validity itself refers to what extent the results generalize to other settings causal studies.
Therefore useful to investigate the causal relationships within the organization is internal validity.
11. Covariance and control is an integral aspect of experimental design, because both are crucial and interconnected to one another in the experimental design.
12. That in the summary of the threat of internal validity is protected by a different experimental design, and if the subjects have all been random group, then the selection bias and regression statiscal avoided in all cases.
Therefore The Solomon four-group design is the answer for all questions concerning our research for causality because guard against all threats to internal validity
13.That in finding jobs and obtaining success, a person is required to have education, basic skills, and experience.
So that a person is satisfied with what they are doing is in accordance with the education, basic skills, and experience they have.
And therefore also that self-esteem plays an important role in acquiring human capital.
BAB 8
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. What is meant by operational definition and why is it necessary?
2. Operationally define the following:
a. Sexual harassment
b. Diversity-positive environment
c. Career success
3. Describe the four types of scales.
4. How is the interval scale more sopkisticated than the nominal an ordinal scales?
5. Why is the ratio scale considered to be the most powerful of the four scales?
Answer:
1.operationalizing, or operationaliy defining a concept, to render it measurable, is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions,facets,or properties denoted by the concept. And operationally defining a concept which involves a series of steps.
Because operationally definitions are necessary to measure abstract concepts such as those that usually.
2.a. Sexual harassment is any kind of sexual connotation form of behavior that made unilaterally and not expected by the people who were targeted to generate a negative reaction: embarrassment, anger, hurt and so on in this person who becomes a victim of abuse.
Sexual harassment occurs when the perpetrator has more power than the victim. Power can be either a higher job position, economic power, "power" of sex is one to the other gender, the number of more personal, etc..
b. Agricultural biodiversity includes all components associated with the precautionary food and agriculture and agricultural ecosystems, the diversity of animals, plants and micro-organisms at the genetic level, species and ecosystems, which is required to maintain the function, structure and processes of the agricultural ecosystem. Agricultural biodiversity has benefits, among others: as a source of genetic resources for food and agriculture, providing environmental services to cycle nutrients, control pests and diseases, pollination, controlling erosion, regulating climate and carbon sinks, to maintain the hydrological cycle, and provides social roles, economic and cultural (traditional knowledge and tourism).
Departing from this World Biodiversity Day, the Ministry of Environment invites to all levels of society to preserve agricultural biodiversity through various positive and meaningful activities to realize sustainable development of Indonesia.
c. To headed toward a successful career that often people make every effort and attempt to make it happen. But the results sometimes do not maximal. Why be so, what was wrong from the methods that we have done. Have you committed to the career you are now living today. Here are some tips for your career success as expected.
• Select a job that is to your liking.
• Do not too many make targets. An important priority and focus. Remember, no human is perfect, including you.
• Is on self-discipline to achieve your goals.
• Do not hesitate to admit mistake.
• Do not forget, smile and laugh.
3.-The nominal scale highlights the differences by classifying objects or persons into groups,and provides the least amount of information on the variable.
-The ordinal scale provides some additional information by rank-ondering the categories of the nominal scale.
-The interval scale not only ranks,but also provides us with information on the magnitude of the differences in the variable.
-The ratio scale indicates not only the magnitude of the differences but also their proportion.
4.Because the interval scale not only ranks,but also provides us with information on the magnitude of the differences in the variable than the nominal scale.
5.Because the ratio scale indicates not only the magnitude of the differences but also their proportion.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. What are the differences between causal and correlational studies?
2. In what ways do lab experiments differ from field experiments?
3. Define the terms control and manipulation.Describe a possible lab experiment where you would need to control a variable.Further,include a possible variable over which you would have no control but which could affect your experiment.
4. Explain the possible ways in which you can control “niisance”variables.
5. What is internal validity and what are the threats to internal validity?
6. Explain the concept of ” trade-off between internal validity and external validity.”
7. Explain fully how you would demonstrate to machine operators and convince them that thorough knowledge of the operating policies and procedures ( by reading the manual) will eliminate almost all on-the-job accidents.
8. If a control group is a part of an experimental design,one need not worry about controlling other exogenous variables.”Discuss this statement.
9. A researcher wants to set up a lab experiment to test the effects of different kind of leadership styles on followers’attitudes.The three particular kinds of leadership styles she is interested in testing are autocratic,democratic,and participative.You are asked to enlist some students to play the part of followers.What cover story would you give the participants?
10. ”Because the external validity of lab experiments is not usually high,they are useless for investigating cause and effect relationships in organizations.”Comment on this statement.
11. ”Covariance ( i.e.,two variables varying together either positively or negatively) and control are integral aspects of experimental designs.”Discuss.
12. ”The Solomon four-group design is the answer to all our research questions pertaining to cause and effect relations because it guards against all the threats to internal validity .”Comment on this statement.
13. Below is a note on self-esteem.After reading it,apply what you have learned in this chapter and design a study after sketching the theoretical framework.
Answer
1. Difference:
Causal studies are studies where researchers want to discover the cause of one or more problems.
Study is correlational study in which researchers are interested to find important variables related to the problem.
2. Way the controls and manipulations are best done in an artificial setting-the laboratory-where the causal effects can be tested.
3. When we postulate cause and effect relationship between two variable x and y,it is possible that some other factor,say A,might also influence the dependent variable Y.
In such a case,it will not be possible to determine the extent to which Y occured only because of X,and to what extent Y was additionally influenced by the presence of the other factor A.So,
if the true effects of the training on learning is to be assessed ,then the learners previous experience has to be controlled.
4. One way of controlling the contaminating or "nuisance"variables is to match the various groups by taking the confounding characteristic and deliberately spreading them across groups.
5.Internal validity is proving the belief that can be placed in a cause-effect relationship found in the experimental design.
Identifying threats to internal validity
Let us examine each of the possible seven threats to internal validity in the context of the following scenario.
1.history effects
2.maturation
3.testing
4.instrumentation
5.selection bias
6.statistical regression
7.mortality
6. There is a trade-off between internal validity and external validity.
If we want high internal validity,we should be willing to settle for lower external validity and vice versa.
To ensure both types of validity,researchers usually try first to test the causal relationships in a tightly controlled artificial or lab setting,and once the relationships has been established,they try to test the causal relationship in a field experiment.
7. I will assure to the machine operator that someone who wants to work should be studied the operational policies and procedures. very influential to the work we do and if we go into these policies, we can avoid accidents on the job.
8.That in the control group there is a part of the experimental design, and therefore we do not have to worry about controlling the variables of exogenous because it's all encapsulated in the control group.
And we can also make it easier to conduct and control the variables that we make exogenous.
9.cover story which I will give to participants of a democratic leadership.
10. Because the external validity itself refers to what extent the results generalize to other settings causal studies.
Therefore useful to investigate the causal relationships within the organization is internal validity.
11. Covariance and control is an integral aspect of experimental design, because both are crucial and interconnected to one another in the experimental design.
12. That in the summary of the threat of internal validity is protected by a different experimental design, and if the subjects have all been random group, then the selection bias and regression statiscal avoided in all cases.
Therefore The Solomon four-group design is the answer for all questions concerning our research for causality because guard against all threats to internal validity
13.That in finding jobs and obtaining success, a person is required to have education, basic skills, and experience.
So that a person is satisfied with what they are doing is in accordance with the education, basic skills, and experience they have.
And therefore also that self-esteem plays an important role in acquiring human capital.
BAB 8
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. What is meant by operational definition and why is it necessary?
2. Operationally define the following:
a. Sexual harassment
b. Diversity-positive environment
c. Career success
3. Describe the four types of scales.
4. How is the interval scale more sopkisticated than the nominal an ordinal scales?
5. Why is the ratio scale considered to be the most powerful of the four scales?
Answer:
1.operationalizing, or operationaliy defining a concept, to render it measurable, is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions,facets,or properties denoted by the concept. And operationally defining a concept which involves a series of steps.
Because operationally definitions are necessary to measure abstract concepts such as those that usually.
2.a. Sexual harassment is any kind of sexual connotation form of behavior that made unilaterally and not expected by the people who were targeted to generate a negative reaction: embarrassment, anger, hurt and so on in this person who becomes a victim of abuse.
Sexual harassment occurs when the perpetrator has more power than the victim. Power can be either a higher job position, economic power, "power" of sex is one to the other gender, the number of more personal, etc..
b. Agricultural biodiversity includes all components associated with the precautionary food and agriculture and agricultural ecosystems, the diversity of animals, plants and micro-organisms at the genetic level, species and ecosystems, which is required to maintain the function, structure and processes of the agricultural ecosystem. Agricultural biodiversity has benefits, among others: as a source of genetic resources for food and agriculture, providing environmental services to cycle nutrients, control pests and diseases, pollination, controlling erosion, regulating climate and carbon sinks, to maintain the hydrological cycle, and provides social roles, economic and cultural (traditional knowledge and tourism).
Departing from this World Biodiversity Day, the Ministry of Environment invites to all levels of society to preserve agricultural biodiversity through various positive and meaningful activities to realize sustainable development of Indonesia.
c. To headed toward a successful career that often people make every effort and attempt to make it happen. But the results sometimes do not maximal. Why be so, what was wrong from the methods that we have done. Have you committed to the career you are now living today. Here are some tips for your career success as expected.
• Select a job that is to your liking.
• Do not too many make targets. An important priority and focus. Remember, no human is perfect, including you.
• Is on self-discipline to achieve your goals.
• Do not hesitate to admit mistake.
• Do not forget, smile and laugh.
3.-The nominal scale highlights the differences by classifying objects or persons into groups,and provides the least amount of information on the variable.
-The ordinal scale provides some additional information by rank-ondering the categories of the nominal scale.
-The interval scale not only ranks,but also provides us with information on the magnitude of the differences in the variable.
-The ratio scale indicates not only the magnitude of the differences but also their proportion.
4.Because the interval scale not only ranks,but also provides us with information on the magnitude of the differences in the variable than the nominal scale.
5.Because the ratio scale indicates not only the magnitude of the differences but also their proportion.
RISET AKUNTANSI- BAB 7
BAB 7
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. What are the differences between causal and correlational studies?
2. In what ways do lab experiments differ from field experiments?
3. Define the terms control and manipulation.Describe a possible lab experiment where you would need to control a variable.Further,include a possible variable over which you would have no control but which could affect your experiment.
4. Explain the possible ways in which you can control “niisance”variables.
5. What is internal validity and what are the threats to internal validity?
6. Explain the concept of ” trade-off between internal validity and external validity.”
7. Explain fully how you would demonstrate to machine operators and convince them that thorough knowledge of the operating policies and procedures ( by reading the manual) will eliminate almost all on-the-job accidents.
8. If a control group is a part of an experimental design,one need not worry about controlling other exogenous variables.”Discuss this statement.
9. A researcher wants to set up a lab experiment to test the effects of different kind of leadership styles on followers’attitudes.The three particular kinds of leadership styles she is interested in testing are autocratic,democratic,and participative.You are asked to enlist some students to play the part of followers.What cover story would you give the participants?
10. ”Because the external validity of lab experiments is not usually high,they are useless for investigating cause and effect relationships in organizations.”Comment on this statement.
11. ”Covariance ( i.e.,two variables varying together either positively or negatively) and control are integral aspects of experimental designs.”Discuss.
12. ”The Solomon four-group design is the answer to all our research questions pertaining to cause and effect relations because it guards against all the threats to internal validity .”Comment on this statement.
13. Below is a note on self-esteem.After reading it,apply what you have learned in this chapter and design a study after sketching the theoretical framework.
Answer
1. Difference:
Causal studies are studies where researchers want to discover the cause of one or more problems.
Study is correlational study in which researchers are interested to find important variables related to the problem.
2. Way the controls and manipulations are best done in an artificial setting-the laboratory-where the causal effects can be tested.
3. When we postulate cause and effect relationship between two variable x and y,it is possible that some other factor,say A,might also influence the dependent variable Y.
In such a case,it will not be possible to determine the extent to which Y occured only because of X,and to what extent Y was additionally influenced by the presence of the other factor A.So,
if the true effects of the training on learning is to be assessed ,then the learners previous experience has to be controlled.
4. One way of controlling the contaminating or "nuisance"variables is to match the various groups by taking the confounding characteristic and deliberately spreading them across groups.
5.Internal validity is proving the belief that can be placed in a cause-effect relationship found in the experimental design.
Identifying threats to internal validity
Let us examine each of the possible seven threats to internal validity in the context of the following scenario.
1.history effects
2.maturation
3.testing
4.instrumentation
5.selection bias
6.statistical regression
7.mortality
6. There is a trade-off between internal validity and external validity.
If we want high internal validity,we should be willing to settle for lower external validity and vice versa.
To ensure both types of validity,researchers usually try first to test the causal relationships in a tightly controlled artificial or lab setting,and once the relationships has been established,they try to test the causal relationship in a field experiment.
7. I will assure to the machine operator that someone who wants to work should be studied the operational policies and procedures. very influential to the work we do and if we go into these policies, we can avoid accidents on the job.
8.That in the control group there is a part of the experimental design, and therefore we do not have to worry about controlling the variables of exogenous because it's all encapsulated in the control group.
And we can also make it easier to conduct and control the variables that we make exogenous.
9.cover story which I will give to participants of a democratic leadership.
10. Because the external validity itself refers to what extent the results generalize to other settings causal studies.
Therefore useful to investigate the causal relationships within the organization is internal validity.
11. Covariance and control is an integral aspect of experimental design, because both are crucial and interconnected to one another in the experimental design.
12. That in the summary of the threat of internal validity is protected by a different experimental design, and if the subjects have all been random group, then the selection bias and regression statiscal avoided in all cases.
Therefore The Solomon four-group design is the answer for all questions concerning our research for causality because guard against all threats to internal validity
13.That in finding jobs and obtaining success, a person is required to have education, basic skills, and experience.
So that a person is satisfied with what they are doing is in accordance with the education, basic skills, and experience they have.
And therefore also that self-esteem plays an important role in acquiring human capital.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. What are the differences between causal and correlational studies?
2. In what ways do lab experiments differ from field experiments?
3. Define the terms control and manipulation.Describe a possible lab experiment where you would need to control a variable.Further,include a possible variable over which you would have no control but which could affect your experiment.
4. Explain the possible ways in which you can control “niisance”variables.
5. What is internal validity and what are the threats to internal validity?
6. Explain the concept of ” trade-off between internal validity and external validity.”
7. Explain fully how you would demonstrate to machine operators and convince them that thorough knowledge of the operating policies and procedures ( by reading the manual) will eliminate almost all on-the-job accidents.
8. If a control group is a part of an experimental design,one need not worry about controlling other exogenous variables.”Discuss this statement.
9. A researcher wants to set up a lab experiment to test the effects of different kind of leadership styles on followers’attitudes.The three particular kinds of leadership styles she is interested in testing are autocratic,democratic,and participative.You are asked to enlist some students to play the part of followers.What cover story would you give the participants?
10. ”Because the external validity of lab experiments is not usually high,they are useless for investigating cause and effect relationships in organizations.”Comment on this statement.
11. ”Covariance ( i.e.,two variables varying together either positively or negatively) and control are integral aspects of experimental designs.”Discuss.
12. ”The Solomon four-group design is the answer to all our research questions pertaining to cause and effect relations because it guards against all the threats to internal validity .”Comment on this statement.
13. Below is a note on self-esteem.After reading it,apply what you have learned in this chapter and design a study after sketching the theoretical framework.
Answer
1. Difference:
Causal studies are studies where researchers want to discover the cause of one or more problems.
Study is correlational study in which researchers are interested to find important variables related to the problem.
2. Way the controls and manipulations are best done in an artificial setting-the laboratory-where the causal effects can be tested.
3. When we postulate cause and effect relationship between two variable x and y,it is possible that some other factor,say A,might also influence the dependent variable Y.
In such a case,it will not be possible to determine the extent to which Y occured only because of X,and to what extent Y was additionally influenced by the presence of the other factor A.So,
if the true effects of the training on learning is to be assessed ,then the learners previous experience has to be controlled.
4. One way of controlling the contaminating or "nuisance"variables is to match the various groups by taking the confounding characteristic and deliberately spreading them across groups.
5.Internal validity is proving the belief that can be placed in a cause-effect relationship found in the experimental design.
Identifying threats to internal validity
Let us examine each of the possible seven threats to internal validity in the context of the following scenario.
1.history effects
2.maturation
3.testing
4.instrumentation
5.selection bias
6.statistical regression
7.mortality
6. There is a trade-off between internal validity and external validity.
If we want high internal validity,we should be willing to settle for lower external validity and vice versa.
To ensure both types of validity,researchers usually try first to test the causal relationships in a tightly controlled artificial or lab setting,and once the relationships has been established,they try to test the causal relationship in a field experiment.
7. I will assure to the machine operator that someone who wants to work should be studied the operational policies and procedures. very influential to the work we do and if we go into these policies, we can avoid accidents on the job.
8.That in the control group there is a part of the experimental design, and therefore we do not have to worry about controlling the variables of exogenous because it's all encapsulated in the control group.
And we can also make it easier to conduct and control the variables that we make exogenous.
9.cover story which I will give to participants of a democratic leadership.
10. Because the external validity itself refers to what extent the results generalize to other settings causal studies.
Therefore useful to investigate the causal relationships within the organization is internal validity.
11. Covariance and control is an integral aspect of experimental design, because both are crucial and interconnected to one another in the experimental design.
12. That in the summary of the threat of internal validity is protected by a different experimental design, and if the subjects have all been random group, then the selection bias and regression statiscal avoided in all cases.
Therefore The Solomon four-group design is the answer for all questions concerning our research for causality because guard against all threats to internal validity
13.That in finding jobs and obtaining success, a person is required to have education, basic skills, and experience.
So that a person is satisfied with what they are doing is in accordance with the education, basic skills, and experience they have.
And therefore also that self-esteem plays an important role in acquiring human capital.
RISET AKUNTANSI- BAB 5
Bab 5
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. ”Because literature survev is a time-consuming exercise,a good ,in-depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework.”. Discuss this statement.
2. There is an advantage in stating the hypotesis both in the null and in the alternate;it adds clarity to our thinking about what we are testing.Explain.
3. It is advantageous to develop a directional hypothesis whenever we are sure of the predicted direction. How will you justify this statement?
4. For the following case “Problem at Roadway Hos pitality,”
a. Indetify the main problem
b. Develop a theoretical framework
c. Develop at least four hypotheses
Answer
1. Because the pull through literature survey interview is required, then we as the interviewer should carefully and respond to what we ask the question and from the interviews that we could develop into a theoretical framework.
2. -the null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definitive,exact relationship between two variables.
-the null hypothesis is thus formulated so that it can be tested for posible rejection.
-if we reject the null hypothesis,then all permissible alternative hypothesis relating to the particular relationship tested could be supported.
-it is the theory that allows us to have faith in the alternative hypothesis that is generated in the particular research investigation.
3.Yes,that in developing a directional hypothesis we must be convinced of the direction of the predicted and from theoretical framework,then,testable hypothesis can be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or not.
4.a.Identify the main problem : “To differentiate among the three different types of facilities offered under the roadway hospitality flagship so as to attract the right type of clients to each of the facilities.”
b.Develop a theoretical framework : “John campbell,the CEO of roadway hospitality was wondering now to differentiate among the three different types of facilities offered under the roadway hospitality flagship so as to attract the right type of clients to each of the facilities.
The roadway deluxe was meant for business travelers,the roadway express was meant for those looking for the least expensive accommodation,and the roadway royal was meant to provide high quality services for big spenders.
Campbell felt that revenues could be quadruled if only clients understand the distinction among the three types of facilities offered.
c.develop at least four hypotheses :
1. Campbell felt that revenues could be quadruled if only clients understand the distinction among the three types of facilities offered.
2. The consumers were blissfully unaware of the differences among the three types of facilities.Many complained about how old the buildings were and how poorly the facilities were maintained.The quality of services was also rated as poor.
3. furthermore,when rumor seems to have spread that one of the ideas of campbell was a name change to differentiate the facilities,franchise owners became angry and the mixed messages they gave to the customers had not helped clients to understand the differences.
4. campbell thought that he first needed to understand how the different classifications would be important to the several classes of clients,and then he could develop a marketing strategy that would enhance revenues.
simultaneously,he recognized that unless the franchise owners fully cooperated with him in all his plans,mere face lifting and improvement of customer service would not bring in the added revenues he hoped for.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1. ”Because literature survev is a time-consuming exercise,a good ,in-depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework.”. Discuss this statement.
2. There is an advantage in stating the hypotesis both in the null and in the alternate;it adds clarity to our thinking about what we are testing.Explain.
3. It is advantageous to develop a directional hypothesis whenever we are sure of the predicted direction. How will you justify this statement?
4. For the following case “Problem at Roadway Hos pitality,”
a. Indetify the main problem
b. Develop a theoretical framework
c. Develop at least four hypotheses
Answer
1. Because the pull through literature survey interview is required, then we as the interviewer should carefully and respond to what we ask the question and from the interviews that we could develop into a theoretical framework.
2. -the null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definitive,exact relationship between two variables.
-the null hypothesis is thus formulated so that it can be tested for posible rejection.
-if we reject the null hypothesis,then all permissible alternative hypothesis relating to the particular relationship tested could be supported.
-it is the theory that allows us to have faith in the alternative hypothesis that is generated in the particular research investigation.
3.Yes,that in developing a directional hypothesis we must be convinced of the direction of the predicted and from theoretical framework,then,testable hypothesis can be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or not.
4.a.Identify the main problem : “To differentiate among the three different types of facilities offered under the roadway hospitality flagship so as to attract the right type of clients to each of the facilities.”
b.Develop a theoretical framework : “John campbell,the CEO of roadway hospitality was wondering now to differentiate among the three different types of facilities offered under the roadway hospitality flagship so as to attract the right type of clients to each of the facilities.
The roadway deluxe was meant for business travelers,the roadway express was meant for those looking for the least expensive accommodation,and the roadway royal was meant to provide high quality services for big spenders.
Campbell felt that revenues could be quadruled if only clients understand the distinction among the three types of facilities offered.
c.develop at least four hypotheses :
1. Campbell felt that revenues could be quadruled if only clients understand the distinction among the three types of facilities offered.
2. The consumers were blissfully unaware of the differences among the three types of facilities.Many complained about how old the buildings were and how poorly the facilities were maintained.The quality of services was also rated as poor.
3. furthermore,when rumor seems to have spread that one of the ideas of campbell was a name change to differentiate the facilities,franchise owners became angry and the mixed messages they gave to the customers had not helped clients to understand the differences.
4. campbell thought that he first needed to understand how the different classifications would be important to the several classes of clients,and then he could develop a marketing strategy that would enhance revenues.
simultaneously,he recognized that unless the franchise owners fully cooperated with him in all his plans,mere face lifting and improvement of customer service would not bring in the added revenues he hoped for.
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)